Policy on the Use of Artificial Intelligence

Jurnal Kajian Pembaruan Hukum (JKPH) Policy on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Manuscript Preparation and Submission

The rapid advancement of AI tools, particularly those capable of generating text and other content, has made it necessary for JKPH to establish a clear position on how such tools may and may not be used in preparing manuscripts submitted to this journal. This policy applies to all authors, co-authors, peer reviewers, and members of the editorial board.

Authors are required to complete JKPH's AI Use Declaration Form at the point of submission. This policy will be revised as the technology and surrounding discourse continue to develop.

Defining the Scope: What Counts as AI for the Purposes of This Policy

This policy concerns tools that generate content, such as text, images, data visualisations, or other material in response to user inputs. This includes large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and similar systems. Tools used solely for grammar checking, reference formatting, or plagiarism detection fall outside this policy's scope, provided they do not generate substantive content that appears in the final manuscript.

Protecting Your Work When Using AI Tools

Authors bear responsibility for understanding the data practices of any AI tool they use. Some platforms retain user inputs and incorporate them into future model training, which creates real risks: unpublished arguments or findings entered into such systems may resurface in others' outputs without attribution. Before using any tool, authors should review its terms of service and ensure that an opt-out from data retention and training is available and activated.

Manuscripts intended for submission to JKPH must not be uploaded, in whole or in part, into any AI platform that does not offer this protection. Where an institution provides a managed or enterprise version of an AI tool with explicit content protection guarantees, that version is generally safer for manuscript-related tasks such as proofreading, translation review, abstract drafting, or keyword generation. If there is any uncertainty, authors should contact the editorial office before proceeding.

Core Principles

1. Authorship

Authorship carries intellectual and ethical weight. AI tools do not meet the criteria for authorship under any recognised academic standard, and JKPH will not recognise them as contributors in any authorial capacity. This means AI may not be used to generate the substantive content of a manuscript: its arguments, analysis, interpretations, or conclusions. These must originate from the human author.

Authors who wish to include AI-generated material for illustrative purposes, for instance, as an object of study within a paper on legal technology, must obtain prior approval from the editorial board. Any such inclusion requires full disclosure and must be clearly identified within the text.

2. Accountability

The use of AI does not transfer or dilute authorial responsibility. Authors remain fully accountable for everything that appears in their manuscripts, including any portion where AI tools were involved in the drafting or preparation process. This covers factual accuracy, appropriate citation, originality, and the absence of bias.

A particular concern with current AI systems is the generation of plausible but fabricated citations and legal references, a phenomenon commonly referred to as hallucination. Authors must independently verify all sources, regardless of how they were identified or compiled. AI systems are also known to reproduce biases present in their training data, which can manifest in argumentation, framing, and the selective omission of perspectives. Authors are expected to actively audit their work for these issues.

3. Disclosure

Any use of AI in the preparation of a manuscript must be disclosed to the editorial board. This obligation arises at every stage: from initial proposal through to final submission.

At the submission stage, authors must provide a written statement specifying which parts of the manuscript involved AI assistance, which tool was used and in which version, how the tool was used, why it was considered appropriate, and what steps were taken to verify the accuracy of its outputs. JKPH's AI Use Declaration Form is provided for this purpose and must accompany every submission where AI was used.

Authors are also encouraged to include a brief disclosure note within the manuscript itself, whether in the acknowledgements or in a methodological footnote, so that readers are informed directly.

Peer Reviewers

Manuscripts submitted for peer review are confidential. Reviewers are selected on the basis of their subject expertise and are expected to evaluate submissions using their own scholarly judgement. Uploading any part of a manuscript under review into an AI tool is strictly prohibited. Doing so may breach confidentiality obligations, compromise the author's intellectual property, and undermine the integrity of the review process.

If a reviewer has reasonable grounds to suspect that a submission violates this policy, that concern should be reported to the editorial office as part of the review.

Editorial Board Members

Board members who advise on manuscripts, special issues, or publishing decisions must ensure that their recommendations reflect their own expertise. AI tools may be used in preliminary idea exploration, but all formal editorial judgements must be the product of independent scholarly assessment. Confidential materials must not be entered into any AI system without verified content protection.

This policy takes effect immediately and applies to all manuscripts currently under review and all future submissions. The editorial board reserves the right to update these guidelines as circumstances require. Authors are advised to check the JKPH website for the most current version before submitting.