Why Do the EU and Singapore Protect E-Commerce Consumers Better Than Indonesia?

Authors

  • Elva Elva Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
  • Hari Sutra Disemadi Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
  • Nurlaily Nurlaily Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
  • Mimi Sintia Mohd Bajury Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.19184/jkph.v5i2.53695

Keywords:

Comparative Law, Consumer Protection, E-Commerce Regulation, Legal Enforcement, Progressive Legal Theory

Abstract

This study addresses the pressing research problem of how Indonesia’s existing legal enforcement framework fails to protect consumers from irresponsible e-commerce practices, in contrast with more advanced jurisdictions such as Singapore and the European Union. The primary objective of the research is to examine and compare the enforcement models employed in Indonesia, Singapore, and the EU, with a view to identifying strengths and gaps that may inform reforms in Indonesia’s legal system. Using normative legal research, employing both comparative legal and statutory approaches, the study relies on secondary legal materials and regulations from all three jurisdictions, and analyses them through descriptive qualitative methods underpinned by Progressive Legal Theory. The findings show the EU's leadership in data protection enforcement through strong turnover-based sanctions, independent supervisory bodies, cross-border dispute resolution, and rigorous due diligence. Singapore demonstrates moderate effectiveness through accessible consumer forums, robust PDPC enforcement, and compliance tools such as CaseTrust, though its scope remains limited. Indonesia lags behind, hindered by weak sanctions, fragmented oversight, underdeveloped dispute resolution mechanisms, and a lack of independent enforcement. These insights underscore the need for Indonesia to adopt systemic reforms, including turnover-based penalties, an independent data authority, integrated online dispute resolution, and coordinated regulatory frameworks, shifting from formalistic rules toward a progressive legal ecosystem that upholds consumer protection, accountability, and digital trust.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afifah, Nurul, “Tanggung Jawab Hukum Platform E-Commerce terhadap Keamanan Data Pribadi Pengguna: Analisis Berdasarkan UU PDP 2022” (2024) 2 Jurnal Legalitas.

Agustini, Shenti, “Juridical Analysis of Credit Agreements with Shopee Paylater” (2023) 9 Jutisi.

Alamin, Zumhur et al, “Perkembangan E-Commerce: Analisis Dominasi Shopee sebagai Primadona Marketplace di Indonesia” (2023) 6 Jurnal Ekonomi Syari’ah.

Alexander, Nadja Marie & Shou Yu Chong, “Singapore Case Note: Enforceability of Settlement Agreements” (2019) SSRN.

Ardika, I Wayan Cenik, “Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Era Digital: Kasus Kebocoran Data Pengguna Layanan E-Commerce” (2025) 2 Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice.

Astari, Anak Agung Made Ayu Rai Lidya, I Nyoman Putu Budiartha & Ni Made Puspasutari Ujianti, “Pengawasan terhadap Transaksi Bisnis E-Commerce dalam Mewujudkan Perlindungan Konsumen” (2020) 1 Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum.

Awalia, Diandra Ahsani & Muthia Sakti, “Juridical Implications of Implementing TikTok Shop as Social-Commerce in Indonesia” (2024) 8 Syiah Kuala Law Journal.

Backlinko Team, “36 Up-To-Date Ecommerce Statistics” (2025), online: Backlinko https://backlinko.com/ecommerce-stats.

Begum, Yasmin, “More than S$750,000 lost to scammers pretending to be Shopee employees” (2023), online: CNA https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/more-s750000-lost-scammers-pretending-be-shopee-employees-3506901.

BKPSDM Kabupaten Demak, “Bahaya! Kebocoran Data Tokopedia Sentuh 91 Juta” (2020), online: BKPSDM Kabupaten Demak https://bkpsdm.demakkab.go.id/2020/07/bahaya-kebocoran-data-tokopedia-sentuh.html.

Chaniago, Alfajri Muhammad, Mahmul Siregar & Joiverdia Arifiyanto, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Data Pribadi Konsumen Dalam Transaksi E-Commerce Shopee” (2025) 8 Journal of Science and Social Research.

Cleynenbreugel, Pieter Van & Pietro Mattiol, “Digital Services Coordinators and other competent authorities in the Digital Services Act: streamlined enforcement coordination lost?” (2023) ORBI.

Das, Ronnie et al, “Towards The Development Of An Explainable E-Commerce Fake Review Index: An Attribute Analytics Approach” (2024) 317:2 European Journal of Operational Research.

Data Protection Excellence Network, “Why the GDPR Matters for ASEAN” (2022), online: Data Protection Excellence Network https://www.dpexnetwork.org/articles/why-gdpr-matters-asean.

Dayang, Silawati, Sandra Olivia Putri L & Ananda Kyara Putri K, “Urgensi Pembentukan Lembaga Pengawas dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Perlindungan Data Pribadi Menurut Undang-Undang PDP” (2025) 4 Journal of Academic Literature Review.

Denisa, Adinda Putri, Muhamad Amirulloh & Helitha Novianty Muchtar, “Sertifikat Keandalan Privasi Sebagai Salah Satu Bentuk Perlindungan Konsumen di Bidang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik” (2023) 12 Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional.

Dianta, Dedon, “Urgensi Penegakan Hukum E-Commerce di Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Yuridis” (2023) 3 Arus Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora (AJSH).

Dinata, Agus Prayudha, Khalimi & Marni Emmy Mustafa, “Kepastian Hukum Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK) dengan Cara Arbitrase” (2025) 3 Blantika: Multidisciplinary Journal.

Disemadi, Hari Sutra, “Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies” (2022) 24:2 Journal of Judicial Review 289.

En, Johan Ding Kar, “Singapore’s Informal Justice Experience: Evaluating The Practice Of The Small Claims Tribunals” (2024) SSRN.

Fajri, Syamsul, “Entrepreneurial Opportunities In Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)” (2025) 1 Jurnal Hukum Dehasen.

Farhan et al, “Reformasi Hukum Perlindungan Data Pribadi Korban Pinjaman Online (Perbandingan Uni Eropa dan Malaysia)” (2022) 3 Journal of Community Engagement.

Firdausi, Anita & Rina Arum Prastyanti, “Legal Approaches to Cross-Border E-Commerce Consumer Protection in Indonesia, Singapore, and China” (2025) 3 Sinergi International Journal of Law.

Halbert, Giovanno, Shelvi Rusdiana & Rufinus Hotmaulana Hutauruk, “Urgensi Keberadaan Otoritas Pengawasan Independen Terhadap Harmonisasi Hukum Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia” (2023) 9 Jurnal Hukum to-ra.

Hartyanto, Satrio Bagus, Sinta Dewi Rosadi & Tasya Safiranita Ramli, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Penyelenggara Social-Commerce Atas Larangan Transaksi pada Platform Social-Commerce Berdasarkan Hukum Positif Indonesia” (2025) 3 Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia.

Hasan, Zainudin et al, “Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Transaksi E-Commerce dari Perspektif Hukum dan Perilaku Ekonomi” (2024) 10 Neraca Manajemen, Ekonomi.

Hauliani, Cleopatra Martina, “Faktor-Faktor Yang Menjadi Penyabab Timbulnya Wanprestasi Dalam Transaksi E-Commerce” (2022) 10 Jurnal Privat Law.

Hulshof, “Navigating Europe’s Digital Services Act: Challenges for Online Platforms” (2024) University of Twente Student Theses.

Husovec, Martin, “The DSA’s Scope Briefly Explained” (2023) SSRN.

Idris, Muhammad, “Denda Pelaku Kartel 30% dari Omzet, KPPU: Agar Ada Efek Jera” (2017), online: detikFinance https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3515702/denda-pelaku-kartel-30-dari-omzet-kppu-agar-ada-efek-jera.

Ishep, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen Atas Peredaran Produk Palsu di Pasar Digital” (2025) 1 Jurnal Kajian Hukum.

Janßen, Rebecca et al, “GDPR and The Lost Generation of Innovation Apps” (2022) National Bureau of Economic Research.

Khumairok, Mar’atul, “Regulasi Hukum Perbankan Dalam Menghadapi Tren Inovasi Fintech dan Keberhasilan Industri Perbankan di Era Society 5.0” (2023) 2 Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia.

Krause, David, “The Rise of Online Scams and Consumer Protections: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S. and Singapore” (2025) SSRN.

Laelatus Syahna FA, Soesi Idayanti & Erwin Aditya Pratama, “Online Dispute Resolution Sebagai Solusi Sengketa E-Commerce” (2023) 1 Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen.

Lai, Daniel, “Shopee Customers Lost $399,000 in 2024 after Making Payments Outside App to Scammers” (2025), online: The Straits Times https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/shopee-customers-lost-399000-to-scammers-in-2024.

Ma, Aifang, “Digital Legislation: Convergence or Divergence of Models? A Comparative Look at the European Union, China and the United States” (2024) Schuman Paper.

Marlina, Heni et al, “Perlindungan Hukum bagi Konsumen atas Overclaim Produk Skincare di Platform E-Commerce” (2025) 3 Marwah Hukum.

Matheus, Juan & Ariawan Gunadi, “Pembentukan Lembaga Pengawas Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Era Ekonomi Digital: Kajian Perbandingan dengan KPPU” (2024) 10 Jutisi.

Mazli, Abdurrahman, “Urgensi Pembaharuan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen Indonesia di Era E-Commerce” (2021) 6 Lex Renaissance.

Micova, Dr Sally Broughton & Dr Andrea Calef, “Feedback on Draft EU Delegated Regulation Ares (2023) 3171302 on the Performance of Audits of Very Large Online Platforms and Very Large Search Engines” (2023) Centre of Competition Policy.

Moha, Mohamad Rivaldi et al, “The Comparative Law Study: E-Commerce Regulation in Indonesia and Singapore” (2023) 16 Jurnal Legalitas.

Muhidin, Muhidin, “Strategi Perlindungan Konsumen Dalam Transaksi E-Commerce: Perlunya Reformasi Regulasi dan Edukasi Publik” (2025) 5 Public Administration and Government Journal.

Nabilah, Deva et al, “Analisis Kesesuaian Cross-Border dalam Permendag No. 31 Tahun 2023 terhadap Teori Ekonomi Keynesian sebagai Pendukung SDGs dan Maqāṣid Asy-Syarīah” (2025) 8 Pagaruyuang Law Journal.

Nidhal, Muhammad et al, “Menelusuri Ulasan Online di Indonesia: Dampak pada Platform UGC dan Konsumen” (2024) Center for Indonesian Policy Studies.

Nurdin, “Kesejahteraan Sosial dalam Perspektif Demokrasi dan Otoritarian: Analisis Perbandingan Inggris dan Singapura” (2023) 4 Journal of Politics and Democracy Studies (JPDS).

Nurhalim, Andres Dharma, “Analisis Pergeseran Perilaku Konsumen Dalam Niat Beli di Sektor Otomotif E-Commerce Indonesia” (2021) 9 Jurnal Bina Manajemen.

Orzoł, Michał & Katarzyna Szopik-Depczyńska, “Development Trends in E-Commerce Sector” (2023) 225 Computer Science.

Oyama, Yuki et al, “Do People Really Want Fast and Precisely Scheduled Delivery? E-Commerce Customers’ Valuations of Home Delivery Timing” (2024) 78 Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services.

Palma, Alvon Kurnia & Wetria Fauzi, “Kelembagaan Pengawas Pelindungan Data Pribadi dalam Perspektif Prinsip Iktikad Baik” (2024) 10 Jurnal Hukum dan Bisnis.

Panjaitan, Mikhael Ferdinan Imanuel, “Urgensi Pembentukan Lembaga Independen Pelindungan Data Pribadi sebagai Strategi untuk Melindungi Hak Privasi di Era Digital” (2025) 1 The Journal of Indonesian Constitution and Administrative Law.

Perdana, Rahmad Adip Rizki, Abid Aulia Hilmi & Helfira Citra, “Tinjauan Hukum Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap Praktik Pengumpulan dan Penggunaan Data Pribadi oleh Pelaku Usaha” (2025) 1 Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan.

Poernomo, Sri Lestari, “Analisis Kepatuhan Regulasi Perlindungan Konsumen dalam E-Commerce di Indonesia” (2023) 6 Unes Law Review.

Ponow, Kerenia Syalomita, Herlyanty Y A Bawole & Grace H Tampongangoy, “Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Usaha Yang Menjual Ponsel Ilegal pada E-Commerce Shopee” (2025) 14.

Pontorondo, Immanuel Christian, Misael Aldo Walangitan & Bervie Fransel Rondonuwu, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Data Privasi Konsumen E-Commerce yang Menjadi Korban Kejahatan Siber” (2025) 5 Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia.

Pramono, Satrio Budi & Grasia Kurniati, “Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Barang Online di Indonesia” (2023) 1 Journal of Law Education and Business.

Prayuti, Yuyut, “Dinamika Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen di Era Digital: Analisis Hukum terhadap Praktik E-Commerce dan Perlindungan Data Konsumen di Indonesia” (2024) 5 Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum.

———, “Implikasi Risiko Transaksi Digital terhadap Pengaduan Konsumen di Sektor E-Commerce: Tinjauan Strategi Nasional Perlindungan Konsumen 2024” (2024) 4 INNOVATIVE: Journal of Social Science Research.

Purba, Bonaraja et al, “Transformasi Hukum E-Commerce di Indonesia: Analisis dan Solusi Permasalahan” (2023) 6 Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Sigli (JSH).

Ramadhani, Syafira Agata, “Komparasi Pengaturan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia dan Uni Eropa” (2022) 3 Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis.

Rankin, Jennifer, “This Article is More Than 2 Months Old: EU Accuses China’s AliExpress of ‘Systemic Failure’ over Illegal Goods” (2025), online: The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/jun/18/eu-accuses-china-aliexpress-of-systemic-failure-illegal-goods.

Reuters, “EU and Singapore Agree Digital Trade Deal” (2025), online: Reuters.

Rinjani, Muhamad Adri & Ricky Firmansyah, “Hambatan Implementasi UU 27/2022 dan Strategi Penguatan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia” (2025) 8 Jurnal Analisis Hukum.

Risti, Chairunnisa Yumna & Ridha Wahyuni, “Consumers Protection Who Buy Products Through Instagram: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Singapore” (2025) 19 Krtha Bhayangkara.

Rosário, Albérico & Ricardo Raimundo, “Consumer Marketing Strategy and E-Commerce in the Last Decade: A Literature Review” (2021) 16 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research.

Rusdaryanti, Novieka Wahyu Putri, Wiwin Priana Primandana & Wirya Wardaya, “Analisis Pengaruh E-Commerce, Pengguna Internet, dan Investasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia” (2024) 7 Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting.

Safrida, Safrida, “Dynamics of Consumer Protection Law in the Digital Era: Case Study on E-Commerce in Indonesia” (2025) 6 International Journal of Education Research & Social Sciences.

Saputra, Ananda Fadil Rassya, Aqila Judya Shafwa & Rohmatul Umam, “Analisis Efektivitas Penerapan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen (UUPK) dalam Transaksi E-Commerce di Indonesia” (2025) 3 Media Riset Bisnis Ekonomi Sains dan Terapan.

Savin, Andrej, “The EU Digital Services Act: Towards a More Responsible Internet” (2021) SSRN.

Sihombing, Rosianna Evanesa & Made Gede Subha Karma Resen, “Perlindungan Konsumen dalam E-Commerce di Indonesia (Hambatan Penerapan Regulasi antara Penerapan dan Pengawasan)” (2024) 1 Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora.

Simanjuntak, Predderics Hockop, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Data Pribadi pada Era Digital di Indonesia: Studi Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi dan General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)” (2024) 6 Jurnal Esensi Hukum.

Subagyono, Bambang Sugeng Ariadi et al, “In the Context of Consumer Protection Law, E-Commerce and Its Settlement: Lesson From Indonesia, Malaysia, and European Union” (2025) 5 Journal of Posthumanism.

Subarkah, Cici et al, “Strategi Mengatasi Penipuan Online dalam E-Commerce Pengguna TikTok Shop” (2025) 15 Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB).

Sudiantini, Dian et al, “Transformasi Digital: Dampak, Tantangan, dan Peluang untuk Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Digital” (2023) 1 Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi dan Manajemen.

Suryawijaya, Francisca, “Unmasking ‘Fake Sales’: A Hidden Challenge in Indonesia’s E-Commerce Market” (2025), online: Cube https://cube.asia/fake-sales-indonesia/.

Susanti, Dyah Ochtorina, “The Electronic Market (Marketplace) on Electronic Trade (E-Commerce) in Indonesia” (2022) 7 Jurnal Notaril.

Susanto, Bagus Kurniawan et al, “Analisis UU Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi dalam Perspektif Kepentingan Umum: Studi Banding dengan GDPR Uni Eropa, PDPA Singapore, dan DPA Filipina” (2025) 7 Reslaj Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal.

Sylviana, Glory et al, “Perlindungan Hukum Data Pengguna E-Wallet Atas Kebocoran Data yang Disalahgunakan oleh Pinjaman Online” (2024) 3 Journal Evidence of Law.

Tan, David, “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Mengupas dan Mengulas Metodologi dalam Menyelenggarakan Penelitian Hukum” (2021) 8 Nusantara: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial.

Terwarat, Benediktus Akel A, Dewi Astutty & Mochtar, “Penyelesaian Sengketa Bisnis Secara Elektronik Melalui Lembaga Arbitrase di Indonesia” (2021) 2 Merdeka Law Journal.

Truong, Nguyen et al, “Privacy Preservation in Federated Learning: An Insightful Survey from the GDPR Perspective” (2021) 110 Computers & Security.

Uriawan, Wisnu et al, “Digital Forensics for Vulnerability Personal Data on E-Commerce Platform (Case Study: Tokopedia Customer Data)” (2024) Preprints.org.

Wibowo, Heri & Muhamad Hasan Sebyar, “Application of the Consumer Protection Law in Electronic Transactions” (2024) 3 Indonesian Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences (ESA).

Widjaja, Gunawan & Fransiska Milenia Cesarianti, “Urgensi Pembentukan Lembaga Pengawas Pelindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia Berdasarkan Pasal 58 Juncto Pasal 59 dan Pasal 60 Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi” (2024) 1 Sinergi: Journal Riset Ilmiah.

Wijaya, Ony Thoyib Hadi, “E-Commerce: Perkembangan, Tren, dan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan” (2023) 16 Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Bisnis.

Willem, Resdianto & Abdul Kadir Rajab, “Penerapan Regulasi E-Commerce Terhadap Pelaku Usaha di Indonesia” (2024) 3 Lakidende Law Review.

Wiranata, Agung, “Analogi Sistem Perlindungan Hak Atas Data Pribadi Antara Indonesia dengan Singapura” (2021) 1 Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum.

Yulianingsih, Sri & Rengga Kusuma Putra, “Analisis Yuridis tentang Perlindungan Konsumen pada E-Commerce di Indonesia: Pendekatan Yuridis-Normatif” (2024) 2 HAKIM Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Sosial.

Zhang, Dawen et al, “Right to Be Forgotten in the Era of Large Language Models: Implications, Challenges, and Solutions” (2024) AI and Ethics.

Zuleika, Nadya et al, “Consumer Protection Against Fake Testimonials in E-Commerce Transactions” (2025) 1 Jurnal Intelek dan Cendikiawan Nusantara.

Downloads

Published

2025-11-30

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July-December

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Elva Elva, Hari Sutra Disemadi, Nurlaily Nurlaily, Mimi Sintia Mohd Bajury

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.